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Öğe Additive manufacturing process selection for automotive industry using Pythagorean fuzzy CRITIC EDAS(Public Library of Science, 2023) Menekşe, Akın; Ertemel, Adnan Veysel; Akdağ Camgöz, Hatice; Görener, AliFor many different types of businesses, additive manufacturing has great potential for new product and process development in many different types of businesses including automotive industry. On the other hand, there are a variety of additive manufacturing alternatives available today, each with its own unique characteristics, and selecting the most suitable one has become a necessity for relevant bodies. The evaluation of additive manufacturing alternatives can be viewed as an uncertain multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem due to the potential number of criteria and candidates as well as the inherent subjectivity of various decision-experts engaging in the process. Pythagorean fuzzy sets are an extension of intuitionistic fuzzy sets that are effective in handling ambiguity and uncertainty in decision-making. This study offers an integrated fuzzy MCDM approach based on Pythagorean fuzzy sets for assessing additive manufacturing alternatives for the automotive industry. Objective significance levels of criteria are determined using the Criteria Importance Through Inter-criteria Correlation (CRITIC) technique, and additive manufacturing alternatives are prioritized using the Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) method. A sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the variations against varying criterion and decision-maker weights. Moreover, a comparative analysis is conducted to validate the acquired findings.Öğe Aile işletmelerinde yönetsel ve operasyonel sorunlar: bir örnek olay incelemesi(İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, 2018) Görener, Ali; Toker, KeremBu çalışmanın amacı aile işletmelerinde sıklıkla görülen yönetsel ve operasyonel sorunları, bir işletme örneği üzerinden irdelemek ve çözüm önerileri sunmaktadır. Örnek olay incelemesi yöntemiyle, imalat sektöründeki orta ölçekli bir aile işletmesinin mevcut durumunun üretim süreçleri ve örgüt yapısı açısından analizi gerçekleştirilmiş ve saptanan sorunlarla ilgili çözüm önerileri geliştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, aile işletmesinin üretim akışının düzenlenmesi ve organizasyon yapısını yeniden yapılandırma süreçlerinde yönetsel yetersizliklerle karşı karşıya olduğunu göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte söz konusu sorunları çözme aşamasında eski kuşakların değişime direnç gösterdikleri ve yeni kuşaklarla örtük çatışma yaşadıkları tespit edilmiştir.Öğe Algılanan aşırı niteliklilik ve yenilikçi iş davranışı ilişkisi(İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, 2019) Kaymakçı, Rumeysa; Görener, AliArtan rekabet, hızla değişen çevre koşulları, farklılaşan bireysel ihtiyaçlar, örgüt ve organizasyon yapılarındaki değişimler, çalışanların kendilerini gerçekleştirme ve örgütte istekli çalışmalarını güçleştiren unsurlar olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Günümüz işletmelerinin çalışanlarından beklentilerinin artması yanında çalışanlarında işletmelerden talepleri artmaktadır. Çalışan taleplerini oluşturan faktörler arasında kişisel farkındalık düzeyleri ve kişilerin niteliklilik algıları önemli bir yere sahiptir. Algıları yönetirken yöneticilerin üzerinde önemle durduğu konuların başında; çalışanların yenilikçi iş davranışları sergileyebilmesi ve aşırı niteliklilik algısının yönetilerek çalışanların işletmede varlığını devam ettirmesi gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada algılanan aşırı niteliklilik ile yenilikçi iş davranışı arasındaki ilişki incelenmiş ve saha araştırmaları için bir ön hazırlık yapılması hedeflenmiştir. Belirtilen kapsamda her iki kavramda açıklanarak literatürde yapılan araştırmalar ışığında öneriler sunulmuştur.Öğe Analitik hiyerarşi süreci ve Moora yöntemlerinin personel seçiminde uygulanması(İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, 2014) Tepe, Serap; Görener, Aliİçinde yaşadığımız bilgi çağında nitelikli insan kaynağının önemi son derece artmıştır. Günümüzde şirketler varlıklarını sürdürebilmek, büyüyüp gelişebilmek, rekabet edebilmek için gerçekleştirdikleri işin niteliğine uygun çalışanlara ihtiyaç duymaktadırlar. Personel seçimi kararı, işletmeye nitelikli iş gücü kazandırma açısından kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu seçim süreci, gerçekleştirilecek işin niteliklerine en uygun çalışanın belirlenmesi olarak ifade edilebilir. Alternatif adaylar karşılaştırılarak uyumun en yüksek olduğu aday tercih edilir. Bu çalışmada ülkemizdeki kurumsal bir şirketin personel seçim süreci ele alınmıştır. Değerlendirmede dikkate alınacak ölçüt ağırlıkları analitik hiyerarşi süreci (AHS) ile hesaplanmış, sonrasında MOORA yöntemi kullanılarak personel seçimi gerçekleştirilmiştir.Öğe Analitik hiyerarşi süreci ve vikor tekniği ile dinamik performans analizi: bankacılık sektöründe bir uygulama(İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, 2011) Dinçer, Hasan; Görener, AliYeni ekonomi kavramı, bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin olumlu etkisiyle beraber firmaları yoğun rekabetçi bir ortam içine sokmaktadır. Küresel çerçevede, finansal kesim içindeki deregülasyon ve hızlı bilgi akışı; rekabetin artışıyla paralel olarak, uluslararası ölçekteki finansal kuruluşların, diğer ülkelerdeki performans ve büyüme potansiyeli olan kuruluşlarla stratejik ortaklıklar içine girmesine zemin hazırlamaktadır. Ayrıca ulusal çaptaki rekabetçi yapı, ölçek farklılıklarından dolayı bankaların kendi içinde birleşme ve devralma işlemlerini yoğunlaştırmalarına neden olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, bankaların performansların ölçmeleri ve değerlendirmeleri, sektör içindeki pozisyonlarını belirlemede gittikçe önem kazanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; Türkiye’deki kamu, özel ve yabancı sermayeli bankalar gruplandırılarak, bu grupların finansal performanslarının ölçümünde kullanılacak kriter ağırlıkları, analitik hiyerarşi süreci (AHP) yardımıyla hesaplanmış, sonrasında VIKOR yöntemi kullanılarak performans ölçümü gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, 2002-2008 yıllarını kapsayan dönemlerde bu üç banka grubunun performanslarının analiz edilmesidir. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde; 2002, 2003 ve 2008 yıllarında yabancı sermayeli bankaların, 2004-2007 yılları arasında ise kamu bankalarının en iyi performansı gösterdiği görülmektedir.Öğe Circular economy measurement and a case of the developing country context(IGI Global, 2019) Toker, Kerem; Çinar, Fadime; Görener, AliCircular economics (CE) is increasingly discussed among researchers, practitioners, and politicians. The discussions between the parties and the confusion about the concept cause the issue to remain on the agenda. According to the general view, CE is the slowing, shrinking, and closing of the welding flow to increase the welding efficiency. However, little attention has been devoted to measuring the CE level of a given economic system. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the emergence and development process of CE, and also to show how the CE level of any economic system can be measured. In this context, it is important for developing countries to interest with the issue but not in practice. To put this into perspective, the study examined Turkey's economic system. Turkey's economic, environmental, and social indicators examined were found to have a remote structure of the CE principle. It is expected that the results of the study will lead to a positive social change and become a framework for increasing the contribution of developing economies to the sustainable world. © 2020, IGI Global. © 2020 by IGI Global.Öğe Contracts in procurement management: an investigation on the baby maternity industry(İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, 2019) Becit, Cengiz; Görener, AliRealization of procurement activities in a rational and highly efficient way is extremely important for enterprises. The enterprises that are able to realize an advantageous procurement transaction compared to other enterprises in the purchasing process will gain an opportunity to get ahead in hard competition conditions. Thus, it will be possible for these enterprises to grow and increase their market share. In addition, the required products to be at the right time and in the right place is very important for the continuation of the operations of the enterprise.Enterprises sign a contract to make a solid agreement with the individuals and organizations they are dealing with, to reduce uncertainties for the future and to perform a rational procurement transaction. Contracts are a legal practice which brings rights and obligations for both parties from the moment they are signed validly. For this reason, contracts in commercial life have found a significant application areas. In this study, the importance of procurement function and its importance for the enterprises is examined first and then the subjects that enterprises should consider in terms of contract management are mentioned. In the last chapter, three contracts were included in the study in order to understand the practice of the subject. Thus, a better understanding of the importance of contract management for enterprises has been achieved.Öğe The control mechanisms and problems in management processes of global operations(Springer International Publishing, 2014) Toker, Kerem; Görener, AliWith the process of globalization being experienced nowadays the operations of business have spread to all regions of the world. Both geographical distances and different cultural, legal and political structures in different countries of activity make it difficult for enterprises to control their activities in these regions. The control system established by enterprises becomes important due to the unpredictability of the future, especially for global enterprises active in dynamic international environments. In this study, it is aimed to draw the attention of enterprises active at a global scale to this important subject by emphasizing factors which must be taken into consideration in order establish an effective control mechanism, elements rendering operational control difficult and the important of operational control in the international management process. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014. All rights are reserved.Öğe Decision making for company acquisition by ELECTRE method(ExcelingTech Publishers, 2016) Gökhan Yücel M.; Görener, AliGrowth in economy together with globalization makes global companies and investment holdings more active in international markets. This activity involves a certain level of risk as payback period of investments are very critical and correct decision on selection of companies to be invested determines success of top management of investors and also creditors. As management requires solid techniques and methods for selection of correct candidate to be invested, application of decision making methods will contribute to this process and reduce the possibility of wrong investments. In this article an investment group's local acquisition opportunities are evaluated by ELECTRE (Elimination et choix traduisant la realite) method. In this case there are four alternatives that are accepting same price and other contractual requirements. This paper lists six important criteria that have influence on local acquisition alternatives' selection in Turkey according to references: Financial performance, accreditations and authorizations, Administrative and accounting, technical infrastructure, staff expertise and experience, customer portfolio. AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) have been used to evaluate the criteria and then ELECTRE method is used for ranking the alternatives. © ExcelingTech Pub, UK.Öğe Depo operatörü lojistik firmasının seçimi için bulanık VIKOR ve bulanık TOPSIS yöntemlerinin uygulanması(2013) Görener, AliGünümüzün rekabet ortamında, lojistik faaliyetler içerisinde depolamanın önemi gittikçe artmaktadır.İşletmeninhedeflerineuygundepooperatörüfirmanınseçimi, rekabette büyük rol oynamaktadır. Depolama faaliyetlerinde dış kaynak kullanımı analiz edildiğinde, uygulamanınönemliderecedemaliyetavantajısağladığıortayaçıkmaktadır.Bu çalışmanınamacı,depooperatörüolarakgörevalacaküçüncüpartilojistikservis sağlayıcıalternatiflerinindeğerlendirilmesiiçin,çokkriterlikararverme modeli oluşturmaktır.Değerlendirmeşablonunoluşturulmasında,bulanıkmantıkyaklaşımı ile VIKORmetodubirliktekullanılmıştır.VIKOR,Sırpdilindeçokkriterlioptimizasyon ve uzlaşık çözüm anlamına gelen, göreceli yeni bir metottur. Ayrıca, oluşturulan yaklaşımın gıdasektöründeuygulanmasınayönelikbirörneksunulmuştur.Eldeedilensonuçlar, yaygınkullanılanbiryöntemolanbulanıkTOPSISmetodununsonuçlarıile karşılaştırılmıştır.Öğe A distribution network design model for additive manufacturing(Springer, 2022) Ertemel, Adnan Veysel; Ertemel, Sinan; Çoktuğ, Cemil Can; Erk, Ali Can; Görener, AliIt is without a doubt that Additive Manufacturing (AM) is to radically change the way manufacturing processes take place. However, the vast majority of the extant literature deals with rather futuristic scenarios on the subject. This paper adopts a more realistic, short-term perspective by stating that new supply chain models have to be designed in a way adopting AM, but they should still incorporate Conventional Manufacturing (CM) as the de-facto means at least for a certain period. To this end, we formulate a new supply chain model where manufacturers are allowed to forward their orders to 3D shops. With some mild assumptions, our optimization model suggests that substantial cost savings could be attained when AM is adopted.Öğe Do employees’ emotions contaminate organisations? The relationship between emotional contagion and organisational ıdentification(Editura Lumen, 2022) Toker, Kerem; Görener, AliThis article presents empirical research that aimed to determine the direction and strength of the relationships between emotional contagion and organisational identifi cation. Our study examined the eff ect of aviation sector employees’ emotional contagion levels on organisational identifi cation and the moderating role of career characteristics, such as age diff erences and seniority, in this eff ect. Data collected from 296 aviation employees were analyzed using SPSS 25 and SPSS Process Macro programs for determining moderating eff ects. The fi ndings revealed that emotional contagion has a positive and signifi cant eff ect on organisational identifi cation. It has been determined that individuals’ age and seniority diff erences have a moderating role in the eff ect of emotional contagion on organisational identifi cation. The fact that the scope of the research is a single sector and organisation hinders the fi ndings’ generalizability. Additionally, the cross-sectional design limits the ability to explain the cause-and-eff ect relationships between psychological factors. The results proved that positive emotions aff ect individuals faster than negative emotions and are more eff ective on OI. Hence, the establishment of an organisational climate dominated by feelings of love and happiness and devoid of feelings of fear and anger is recommended for managers seeking to foster OI. By revealing the implicit relationships among the concepts with empirical evidence, we aim to fi ll a signifi cant gap, particularly with respect to organisational psychology, and to represent new insights to scholars and practitioners.Öğe Evaluation of circular economy business models for SMEs using spherical fuzzy TOPSIS: an application from a developing countries’ perspective(Springer, 2022) Toker, Kerem; Görener, AliWhile the circular economy has recently been the subject of considerable theoretical debate, the discussion has yielded limited insight into how its implementation should look. Developing countries’ inadequate regulation and policy hinder the circular economy’s implementation in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with resource, strategy, and skill constraints. Therefore, circular economy business models (CEBMs) support SMEs in overcoming the risks of implementation. However, SMEs often struggle to decide which CEBM to use. This study aims to enable developing countries’ SMEs to choose the most appropriate CEBM using the spherical fuzzy TOPSIS method, which is an extremely new method for solving decision-making problems. The four main CEBMs most frequently encountered in the literature and practice have been extensively analysed. The results suggest that the resource recovery model is the most appropriate model for transitioning to a circular economy for SMEs in developing countries. Circular supply is the second suitable business model. Following these stages, after the organisation reaches a specifc level of CE maturity, the product life extension and the product–service system model should be applied at the last stage. A comparative assessment and a sensitivity analysis are conducted to test the proposed methodology’s robustness and reliability. The results opened up a space for discussion and for new thoughts that could improve the scope of the CEBMs theory. Using all CEBMs together, we concluded that the transition to CE will not be successful for SMEs. The order in which CEBMs should be applied in the transition to CE has been determined. Their scope, risks, and resources needed were correlated with these data from the feld. This practical implementation guide, which we recommend based on theoretical foundations, ofers administrators and future researchers original insights.Öğe Evaluation of product development partners using an integrated AHP-VIKOR model(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd., 2015) Büyüközkan, Gülçin; Görener, AliPurpose – Today, customers are generally perceived to be demanding higher quality and better performing products, in shorter and more predictable development cycle-times and at a lower cost. These market pressures drive firms to collaborate with possible partners in product development (PD) processes. However, the selection of a suitable partner for an effective PD is not an easy decision and is associated with complexity. The purpose of this paper is to propose an integrated multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach to effectively evaluate PD partners. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed evaluation procedure consists of several steps. First, based on a literature review and expert validation, the strategic main and sub-criteria of the PD partner selection process that companies consider the most important are identified. After constructing the evaluation criteria hierarchy, the criteria weights are calculated by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The VIKOR (a compromise ranking) method is used to obtain the final partner ranking results. A case study is given to demonstrate the potential of the methodology. In the last part of the study, a sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the influence of criteria weights on the decision making process. Findings – The PD partner evaluation model contains three main criteria, namely, partner, collaboration and PD-oriented criteria, with 13 sub-criteria. The market position, competency of the partner, compatibility, technical expertise and complementarity are found as the most considerable evaluation criteria for the ABC case company. Results of the sensitivity analysis from different cases demonstrate that the integrated AHP-VIKOR model is quite sensitive to the weights assigned to the evaluation criteria. This finding underlines the importance of forming a capable, qualified group of experts for the decision-making procedure. The results of the empirical study show that the proposed evaluation framework is practical for solving partner selection problems. Originality/value – Partner selection is critical to the success of a collaborative PD process. The main contribution of this paper is the definition and development of an effective evaluation framework to guide managers for suitable PD partner selection. In our knowledge, there exists no study in the literature that combines the established AHP VIKOR model for PD partner selection problem. This study can be useful to researchers to better understand PD partner selection problem theoretically, as well as to organizations in designing better satisfying PD partner evaluation systems. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.Öğe A framework to overcome barriers to social entrepreneurship using a combined fuzzy MCDM approach(Springer, 2023) Keleş Tayşir, Nurgül; Ülgen, Beliz; İyigün, N. Öykü; Görener, AliSocial entrepreneurs play an essential role in innovative solutions to address the world’s most challenging societal problems. Although the value of innovative ideas is undeniable during the new venture creation process, not all creative ideas can be implemented. Many barriers hinder nascent social entrepreneurs from realizing their new ideas. The aim of this study is twofold: (1) to provide a holistic list of barriers that hinder social venture creation; and (2) to determine the solutions to overcome the detected barriers. This study employs an integrated methodology to identify barriers and solutions. First, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to determine the barriers. Following this, essential barriers were identified with the fuzzy Delphi (F-Delphi) method. Next, the weight of each barrier was calculated using the improved fuzzy step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis (IMF-SWARA). Then, fuzzy weighted aggregated sum product assessment (F-WASPAS) was used to rank solutions to overcome these barriers. The findings may help organizations advise nascent social entrepreneurs about potential obstacles, which may help reduce the number of entrepreneurs abandoning their ideas. Furthermore, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the robustness and effectiveness of the results.Öğe Geliştirilmiş Bulanık SWARA ve Bulanık CODAS Yöntemleriyle Tesis Yeri Seçimi: İmalat Sektöründe Bir Uygulama(2023) Peker, Bilge Nur; Görener, AliFabrika, depo gibi tesisler kuruldukları andan itibaren işletmeyi artık o bölgenin tüm koşullarına bağlı kılmaktadır. Yanlış bir karar, uzun yıllar sürecek problemleri beraberinde getirebilmektedir. Bu nedenle, birçok kriteri içerisinde barındıran yer seçimi süreci oldukça önemlidir. Makalemizde, kompozit pervane imalatı gerçekleştiren bir işletmenin, yeni tesis yerinin belirlenebilmesi için bir çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kriter ağırlıklarının belirlenmesinde Geliştirilmiş Bulanık Adım Adım Ağırlık Değerlendirme Oran Analizi (GB-SWARA), alternatiflerin değerlendirilmesinde ise Bulanık Birleştirilebilir Uzaklık Tabanlı Değerlendirme Yöntemi (B-CODAS) yöntemleri kullanılmıştır.Öğe How industry 4.0 changes business : a commercial perspective(İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, 2018) Göksu Özüdoğru, Ayşe; Ergün, Esra; Ammari, Djihane; Görener, AliIndustry is the part of an economy that manufacture components and goods which are highly automatized. This paper presents a general understanding about the Fourth Industry Revolution- Industry 4.0 approach from a commercial point of view. Firstly, the history of Industrial Revolution is explained and the roadmap to Industry 4.0 is shown. Industry components and the main understanding of Industry 4.0 is explained through the previous studies. Secondly, the most common usage, implementation areas and the challenging points are demonstrated. Commercial and industrial application examples of Industry 4.0 in different sectors and the possible implementation areas are defined based on countries and sectors. Finally, the commercial impacts of this new business model is given from the industrial and human perspectives.Öğe A hybrid fuzzy MCDM approach for prioritizing the solutions of resource recovery business model adoption to overcome its barriers in emerging economies(Elsevier, 2023) Hashemkhani Zolfani, Sarfaraz; Görener, Ali; Toker, KeremThe resource recovery business model (RRBM) involves producing and utilizing secondary raw materials from waste streams. Overcoming the barriers small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) face in developing countries during the transition to the RRBM is a considerable challenge. RRBM has quite different barriers than other circular economy business models (e.g., product life extension, product-service systems, etc.). The aim of this study is to present a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology to evaluate possible solution strategies by analyzing RRBM barriers. First, a comprehensive literature review was conducted on the barriers to implementing RRBM. Working with the expert decision-making group through semi-structured forms, the micro, macro, and Meso-level barriers were finalized by considering the emerging economies. The importance levels of the twenty-five barriers were determined in the second stage using the Improved Fuzzy Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (IMF-SWARA) method. With the IMF-SWARA method, it was convenient to get straightforward, expert opinions, and inconsistency was no problem. In the third stage, eight main solution strategies were analyzed to see to what extent they could overcome the barriers. At this point, the Fuzzy Mea surement Alternatives and Ranking according to Compromise Solution (F-MARCOS) was used to evaluate the decision-maker’s opinions more accurately, which may not be confident within the scope of the criteria. While the most critical barriers to be considered are collaboration problems, global secondary material supply chain problems, and quality problems of the recovered resources, the solutions to be considered are financial support, design for circularity, and industrial symbiosis. In addition, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis was performed to test its validity after the proposed model was applied. This study’s key contribution is to highlight the barriers that may occur in the context of emerging economies during the adoption of the RRBM as well as the solutions that should be prioritized. Thus, it became evident which actions SMEs, representing the most significant proportion of businesses in emerging economies, should take to execute the resource recovery business model.Öğe A hybrid type-2 fuzzy based supplier performance evaluation methodology: The Turkish Airlines technic case(Elsevier Ltd, 2017) Görener, Ali; Ayvaz, Berk; Kuşakçı, Ali Osman; Altınok, EmirIn the globalized world, fatal competition ruling in almost all business sectors hits especially airline companies due to the global nature of the industry. Thus, maintaining the business operations in a cost-effective manner is of paramount importance in this destructive business environment. While realizing this goal, a special focus on Maintenance Repair and Overhaul (MRO) operations is indispensable, considering that a significant proportion of expenses in the industry are originated from them. Since the MRO departments are responsible for maintenance, repair, and overhaul of aircrafts and engines under very strict standards, a smooth, clean-cut supply chain does not only provide a solid technical ground for daily operations but also it helps to gain a comparative advantage in cost leadership which, in turn, results with high customer satisfaction. Obviously, a key component of this chain is designing a robust and reliable Supplier Performance Evaluation (SPE) methodology where numerous tangible and intangible evaluation criteria come into play reflecting the multifaceted characteristic of the decision problem. This work proposes a three-phase hybrid approach to address the SPE problem in aviation industry where the suppliers are obliged to follow tight tolerances regarding quality and delivery times. Starting with selection of the most significant evaluation criteria, in the second stage, an Interval Type-2 Fuzzy (IT2F)-Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is employed to determine their relative importance. These weights are then given as input to an IT2F-Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. We used the IT2F extensions due to the fact that some of the evaluation criteria are subjective and qualitative in nature. To prove the merit of the proposed methodology, an application is presented to SPE problem at Turkish Technic Inc., a subsidiary of Turkish Airlines. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.Öğe İmalat süreçlerinin iyileştirilmesinde maliyet-zaman grafiklerinin kullanımı(İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, 2016) Görener, AliMaliyet-zaman grafikleri, özellikle ürünlerin imalat süreçleri boyunca ortaya çıkan maliyet değerlerinin zamana bağlı izlenerek görselleştirilmesinde kullanılan bir araçtır. İlk olarak Westinghouse firması tarafından süreçlerin zamanla bütünleşik maliyetlerini analiz etmek için uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışmada maliyet-zaman grafiklerinin üretim yönetiminde rekabet açısından büyük önem arz eden tedarik ve imalat süreçlerinin izlenmesine katkısı üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca mobilya imalat endüstrisinden bir uygulama örneğine yer verilmiştir.