Osmanlı anayasacılığı: Terimler, belgeler, ilkeler
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Tarih
2024
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
XIX. yüzyılın başında Batı’da kanunlaştırma ile birlikte anayasacılık hareketi iyice belirginleşmiştir. Çeşitli ülkelerde, bir yanda temel hukuk yasaları diğer yanda anayasal metinler kabul ve ilan edilmeye başlanmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti, bu dönem askerî ıslâhat süreciyle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. İç ve dış şartların etkisiyle ıslâhatlar zamanla idarî, siyasî ve hukukî alana yansımıştır. Batı ile iletişim ve etkileşim sürecinde anayasacılık hareketi, düşünce, metin ve kurumlar boyutuyla Osmanlı coğrafyasının tümünde etkili olmuştur. Osmanlı Devleti’nde genel olarak ilk anayasal metinler statüsü iki veya çok taraflı antlaşmalarla belirlenen ayrıcalıklı eyâletlerde (eyâlet-i mümtâze) kabul edilmiştir. Bu vilâyetlere idarî, malî ve hukukî açıdan özerklik tanınmıştı. Tanınan özerklik kapsamında bu vilâyetlerin statüsünü belirleyen anayasal metinler ilan edilmiştir. Bu metinlerde, eyâletin temel yapısı, işleyişi, organlar arası ilişkiler ve temel hak ve hürriyetler düzenlenmiştir. Zaman zaman metinlerde eyâlet-merkez ilişkisine de yer verilmiştir. Osmanlı coğrafyasında ilk anayasal metinler 1800 ile 1803 yıllarında Osmanlı-Rus ittifakı ile kurulan ve Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı olan Cezâyir-i Seb’a-i Müctemia Cumhuru’nda (Birleşik Yedi Ada Cumhuriyeti) görülmektedir. Osmanlı başşehrinde 1876’da anayasa ilan edildiğinde, ona bağlı olan Eflak-Boğdan, Sırbistan, Tunus, Romanya anayasal belgeler ya da anayasalar kabul edeli çok zaman olmuştu. 1879’da bunlar arasına Bulgaristan Emâreti ve Şarkî Rumeli Vilâyeti Anayasaları da eklenecektir. Osmanlı Devleti’ne hukuken bağlı bu bölgelerin anayasal metinlerinin müzâkereleri, kabulleri ve onlarla ilgili yazışmalar sürecinde Osmanlı devlet adamları önemli bir anayasal birikime sahip olmuştu. Hatta zamanla merkez-vilâyet ilişkileri çerçevesinde geleneksel değerlerle uyumluluğuna özen gösterilen bir anayasacılık (meşrutiyet) hareketinin ve taraftarlarının ortaya çıktığından bahsedilebilir. Osmanlı Devleti merkezde ilk anayasasını ilan ettiğinde ayrıcalıklı vilâyetler dikkate alındığında yaklaşık 75 yıllık anayasal tecrübeye sahipti. Bu tecrübe kapsamında anayasal kavramlar, belgeler, ilkeler ve kurumlar geliştirmişti.
At the beginning of the 19th century, with the codification in the West, the constitutionalism movement became very prominent. In various countries, fundamental legal laws, on the one hand, and constitutional texts, on the other hand, have begun to be accepted and declared. The Ottoman Empire was faced with a military reform process during this period. Under the influence of internal and external conditions, reforms were reflected in the administrative, political and legal fields over time. In the process of communication and interaction with the West, the constitutionalism movement was influential throughout the Ottoman geography with its dimensions of thought, text and institutions. In the Ottoman Empire, the first constitutional texts were generally adopted in the privileged states (eyalet-i mümtâze) whose status was determined by bilateral or multilateral agreements. These provinces were granted administrative, financial and legal autonomy. In these texts, the basic structure of the state, its functioning, relations between organs and fundamental rights and freedoms are regulated. From time to time, the province-center relationship is also included in the texts. The first constitutional texts in the Ottoman geography were seen between 1800 and 1803 in the Cezâyir-i Seb'a-i Müctemia Cumhuru (United Seven Island Republic), which was established with the Ottoman-Russian alliance and was affiliated to the Ottoman Empire. When the constitution was declared in the Ottoman capital in 1876, a long time had passed since Wallachia-Moldova, Serbia, Tunisia and Romania, which were affiliated with it, had adopted constitutional documents or constitutions. In 1879, the Constitutions of the Bulgaristan Emâreti and Şarkî Rumeli Vilayeti (Eastern Rumelia Province) would be added to these. During the negotiations and adoption of the constitutional texts of these regions legally affiliated with the Ottoman Empire and the correspondence regarding them, Ottoman statesmen had acquired a significant constitutional accumulation. It can even be mentioned that over time, within the framework of central-provincial relations, a constitutionalism (meşrutiyet) movement and its supporters emerged, whose compatibility with traditional values was taken care of. When the Ottoman Empire declared its first constitution in the center, it had approximately 75 years of constitutional experience, considering the privileged provinces. Within the scope of this experience, It developed constitutional concepts, documents, principles and institutions.
At the beginning of the 19th century, with the codification in the West, the constitutionalism movement became very prominent. In various countries, fundamental legal laws, on the one hand, and constitutional texts, on the other hand, have begun to be accepted and declared. The Ottoman Empire was faced with a military reform process during this period. Under the influence of internal and external conditions, reforms were reflected in the administrative, political and legal fields over time. In the process of communication and interaction with the West, the constitutionalism movement was influential throughout the Ottoman geography with its dimensions of thought, text and institutions. In the Ottoman Empire, the first constitutional texts were generally adopted in the privileged states (eyalet-i mümtâze) whose status was determined by bilateral or multilateral agreements. These provinces were granted administrative, financial and legal autonomy. In these texts, the basic structure of the state, its functioning, relations between organs and fundamental rights and freedoms are regulated. From time to time, the province-center relationship is also included in the texts. The first constitutional texts in the Ottoman geography were seen between 1800 and 1803 in the Cezâyir-i Seb'a-i Müctemia Cumhuru (United Seven Island Republic), which was established with the Ottoman-Russian alliance and was affiliated to the Ottoman Empire. When the constitution was declared in the Ottoman capital in 1876, a long time had passed since Wallachia-Moldova, Serbia, Tunisia and Romania, which were affiliated with it, had adopted constitutional documents or constitutions. In 1879, the Constitutions of the Bulgaristan Emâreti and Şarkî Rumeli Vilayeti (Eastern Rumelia Province) would be added to these. During the negotiations and adoption of the constitutional texts of these regions legally affiliated with the Ottoman Empire and the correspondence regarding them, Ottoman statesmen had acquired a significant constitutional accumulation. It can even be mentioned that over time, within the framework of central-provincial relations, a constitutionalism (meşrutiyet) movement and its supporters emerged, whose compatibility with traditional values was taken care of. When the Ottoman Empire declared its first constitution in the center, it had approximately 75 years of constitutional experience, considering the privileged provinces. Within the scope of this experience, It developed constitutional concepts, documents, principles and institutions.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Anayasacılık, Meşrutiyet, Osmanlı Anayasacılığı, Eyâlet-i Mümtâze, Constitutionalism, Meşrutiyet, Ottoman Constitutionalism
Kaynak
Adalet Dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
72
Künye
Ceylan, A. (2024). Osmanlı Anayasacılığı: Terimler, Belgeler, İlkeler. Adalet Dergisi, (72), 15-34.
