İtalyan L’Asino siyasi hiciv dergisi’nin Trablusgarp Savaşı’na muhalif yaklaşımı
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Tarih
2024
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Istanbul Commerce University
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
İtalya, 1911 yılında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’na ait olan Trablusgarp’ı işgale girişmiştir. İtalya içerisinde bu işgal girişimini destekleyenler olduğu kadar savaşa muhalif bir cephe de meydana gelmiştir. Savaş sırasında İtalyan siyasi hiciv dergisi L’Asino, muhalif bir tutum sergileyerek İtalya’nın Trablusgarp İşgali’ni kapaklarında görsel ve yazılar üzerinden eleştirmiştir. Çalışmada L’Asino Dergisi’nde İtalya’nın Trablusgarp İşgali’ni hicveden çeşitli kapakları üzerinden Trablusgarp Savaşı’na muhalif İtalyan kamuoyuna ışık tutulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu şekilde çalışmada İtalya’da savaş karşıtı ne tür söylemlere yer verildiğinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla konuya ilişkin L’Asino Dergisi’nin sekiz kapağı, David A. Snow’un sembolik etkileşim yaklaşımı üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada derginin kapakları üzerinden her iki taraftan da asker kayıplarının önemsenmeksizin savaşın belirli askeri ve siyasi amaçlar ve belirli grupların çıkarları doğrultusunda devam ettirildiğinin ileri sürüldüğü tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca kapaklar içerisinde savaşın İtalya’da belirli bir zümrenin zenginleşmesine yol açtığı belirtilmiştir. Bunun ya nında dergide İtalyan ve Türk halkının barış içerisinde hareket etmesi teşvik edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Neticede çalışmada L’Asino Dergisi’nin, hükümet karşıtı bir tutum içerisinde milliyetçiliğe ve işgale karşı tavır alarak Trablusgarp Savaşı’na yönelik eleştiride bulunduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
In the study, L’Asino Magazine, which exhibited an oppositional attitude towards the Tripoli War through its covers among the Italian press, was examined. Within the scope of the study, it was aimed to reveal the anti-war discourses in Italy by examining eight covers of L’Asino Magazine through symbolic interaction. In the study, the following questions were sought to be answered based on the findings obtained from the covers: - How was the Italian side presented on the covers of L’Asino Magazine? - How was the Ottoman side presented on the covers of L’Asino Magazine? - Which anti-war discourse/s were highlighted on the covers of L’Asino Magazine? The Italian press, which supported the Tripoli War through nationalist discourses, was discussed. The study differs in that it examines the discourse opposing the Tripoli War within the Italian press. In this respect, the study is important in that it enriches the literature on the subject by emphasizing the opposition in the Italian press in the Tripoli War. In the study, all covers of L’Asino Magazine covering the Tripoli War period (29 Sep 1911 - 18 Oct 1912) constitute the universe of the study. Since only 51 covers of L’Asino Magazine from 1912 can be accessed in the digital library of the Gi angiacomo Feltrinelli Foundation, within the scope of the study, only the 51 covers of the magazine from 1912 were selected. Using the purposeful sampling method in the study, 8 covers directly covering the Tripoli War and satirizing the war or its outcome were analyzed as the sample of the study. It was revealed that the covers selected as samples in the study generally tried to form certain meanings about human interaction. For this reason, within the scope of the study, magazine covers were examined through David A. Snow’s symbolic interaction approach in order to comprehensively reveal the meanings intended to be constructed on the basis of human interaction through the visuals and texts on the covers. Eight magazine covers select ed as samples in the study were analyzed respectively based on human activity, interactive determination, symbolization and development. The Tripoli War was one of the last wars in which the Ottoman Empire took part in the disintegration process, and as a result of the war, it lost the last piece of land it dominated in the African continent. Both the Italian press and the Ottoman press sought to convey to their readers what happened during the war and sometimes made various evaluations about the war. While these evaluations sometimes led directly to a discourse in support of the war, sometimes they emerged as criti cism of the war. In the Italian political satire magazine L’Asino, which was examined within the scope of the study, discourses criticizing the war and encouraging peace were sometimes published. In the covers of L’Asino about the Tripoli War examined in the study, it was determined that the magazine approached both the Italian and Ottoman sides at the same distance. The magazine covers criticized those who wanted the war to continue, and included discourse against interest groups benefiting from the war. On the other hand, it was found that the magazine focused on encouraging the Italian and Turkish people to live in peace. On the magazine covers, it was opposed to continuing the war on the basis of nationalism, and it was stated that acting on the basis of nationalism would cause the war to continue. It was emphasized that the continuation of the war caused Italian and Turkish soldiers to lose their lives on the fronts, while a certain group of people gained financial gain from the war. On the other hand, by focusing on the financial expenses incurred with the war, an attempt was made to form a negative perception towards the war. When the magazine covers discussed in the study are examined in general, it can be claimed that the magazine act ed against the Italian administration’s war decision, and in this context, it acted in a socialist line against nationalist discourses. As a matter of fact, in the magazine covers examined, Italian soldiers were not glorified against Turkish soldiers and the impor tance of the war for Italy was not emphasized. In addition, the magazine covers did not emphasize that Italy had wide borders like the Roman Empire, but emphasized that the war had negative consequences for both Italy and the Ottoman Empire. In this context, it can be argued that the magazine covers were sought to make people question why the Italian soldiers fought and why they lost their lives. The study is important in that it sheds light on the anti-war front in the Italian press regarding the Tripoli War through the covers of L’Asino. Future studies can also examine L’Asino’s discourses regarding Italy’s involvement in the First World War, through L’Asino’s covers. In this way, similar and/or different aspects between L’Asino’s attitude towards the two wars in which Italy took part can be revealed.
In the study, L’Asino Magazine, which exhibited an oppositional attitude towards the Tripoli War through its covers among the Italian press, was examined. Within the scope of the study, it was aimed to reveal the anti-war discourses in Italy by examining eight covers of L’Asino Magazine through symbolic interaction. In the study, the following questions were sought to be answered based on the findings obtained from the covers: - How was the Italian side presented on the covers of L’Asino Magazine? - How was the Ottoman side presented on the covers of L’Asino Magazine? - Which anti-war discourse/s were highlighted on the covers of L’Asino Magazine? The Italian press, which supported the Tripoli War through nationalist discourses, was discussed. The study differs in that it examines the discourse opposing the Tripoli War within the Italian press. In this respect, the study is important in that it enriches the literature on the subject by emphasizing the opposition in the Italian press in the Tripoli War. In the study, all covers of L’Asino Magazine covering the Tripoli War period (29 Sep 1911 - 18 Oct 1912) constitute the universe of the study. Since only 51 covers of L’Asino Magazine from 1912 can be accessed in the digital library of the Gi angiacomo Feltrinelli Foundation, within the scope of the study, only the 51 covers of the magazine from 1912 were selected. Using the purposeful sampling method in the study, 8 covers directly covering the Tripoli War and satirizing the war or its outcome were analyzed as the sample of the study. It was revealed that the covers selected as samples in the study generally tried to form certain meanings about human interaction. For this reason, within the scope of the study, magazine covers were examined through David A. Snow’s symbolic interaction approach in order to comprehensively reveal the meanings intended to be constructed on the basis of human interaction through the visuals and texts on the covers. Eight magazine covers select ed as samples in the study were analyzed respectively based on human activity, interactive determination, symbolization and development. The Tripoli War was one of the last wars in which the Ottoman Empire took part in the disintegration process, and as a result of the war, it lost the last piece of land it dominated in the African continent. Both the Italian press and the Ottoman press sought to convey to their readers what happened during the war and sometimes made various evaluations about the war. While these evaluations sometimes led directly to a discourse in support of the war, sometimes they emerged as criti cism of the war. In the Italian political satire magazine L’Asino, which was examined within the scope of the study, discourses criticizing the war and encouraging peace were sometimes published. In the covers of L’Asino about the Tripoli War examined in the study, it was determined that the magazine approached both the Italian and Ottoman sides at the same distance. The magazine covers criticized those who wanted the war to continue, and included discourse against interest groups benefiting from the war. On the other hand, it was found that the magazine focused on encouraging the Italian and Turkish people to live in peace. On the magazine covers, it was opposed to continuing the war on the basis of nationalism, and it was stated that acting on the basis of nationalism would cause the war to continue. It was emphasized that the continuation of the war caused Italian and Turkish soldiers to lose their lives on the fronts, while a certain group of people gained financial gain from the war. On the other hand, by focusing on the financial expenses incurred with the war, an attempt was made to form a negative perception towards the war. When the magazine covers discussed in the study are examined in general, it can be claimed that the magazine act ed against the Italian administration’s war decision, and in this context, it acted in a socialist line against nationalist discourses. As a matter of fact, in the magazine covers examined, Italian soldiers were not glorified against Turkish soldiers and the impor tance of the war for Italy was not emphasized. In addition, the magazine covers did not emphasize that Italy had wide borders like the Roman Empire, but emphasized that the war had negative consequences for both Italy and the Ottoman Empire. In this context, it can be argued that the magazine covers were sought to make people question why the Italian soldiers fought and why they lost their lives. The study is important in that it sheds light on the anti-war front in the Italian press regarding the Tripoli War through the covers of L’Asino. Future studies can also examine L’Asino’s discourses regarding Italy’s involvement in the First World War, through L’Asino’s covers. In this way, similar and/or different aspects between L’Asino’s attitude towards the two wars in which Italy took part can be revealed.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Trablusgarp Savaşı, Dergi, Siyasi Hiciv, İtalya, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Italo-Turkish War, Magazine, Political Satire, Italy, Ottoman Empire
Kaynak
Intermedia International e-Journal
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
11
Sayı
21
Künye
Çakı, C. ve Gülada, M.O. (2024). İtalyan L’Asino Siyasi Hiciv Dergisi’nin Trablusgarp Savaşı’na Muhalif Yaklaşımı. Intermedia International e-Journal, 11(21) 142-158.
