Anaakım medya karşısında alternatif medya yayıncılığı: Ünsal Ünlü’nün “Patronsuz” programı örneği
Yükleniyor...
Dosyalar
Tarih
2020
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Günümüzdeki anaakım/yaygın/ticari medya atmosferine bakıldığında, çeşitli ekonomi politik ve yapısal sorunlardan hareketle, tekel konumda bulunan medya şirketlerinin kamusalın temsiliyetinden uzak, teksesli bir yayın politikası izlediği görülmektedir. Bunun yanında anaakım medyadaki var olan yapısal sorunlar, bağımsız gazetecilerin alternatif alanlara yönelimini hızlandırmış, yeni alternatif medya platformları ve alternatif medya yayıncıları ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu bağlamda, günümüzde medya atmosferinde alternatif medyanın anaakım medya karşısında nasıl bir yayıncılık pratiği gerçekleştirdiğinin sorgulanması önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada kendi bağımsız alternatif medya yayıncılığını gerçekleştiren Ünsal Ünlü’nün eleştirel ekonomi politik bağlamda nasıl bir yayıncılık sergilediğinin anlaşılması amaçlanmıştır. Nitel çözümleme yönteminin benimsendiği bu çalışmada yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşme tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonunda Ünsal Ünlü’nün gerçekleştirmiş olduğu alternatif medya yayıncılığının bulguları “programın sahiplik yapısı ve ekonomik gelir modeli”, “haber üretim pratikleri”, “habercilik anlayışı”, “program içerikleri ve takipçiler” şeklinde kategorilere ayrılarak verilmiştir.
Considering today’s mainstream / mainstream / commercial media atmosphere, it is seen that monopolized media companies follow a broadcasting policy that is far from the representation of the public and polyphony, due to various political economy and structural problems. In addition, the existing structural problems in mainstream media have accelerated the orientation of independent journalists to alternative field and new alternative media platforms and alternative media broadcasters have emerged. In this context, it is important to question what kind of broadcasting practice alternative media carry out against mainstream media in today’s media atmosphere. In this study, it is aimed to understand what kind of broadcasting Ünsal Ünlü, who carries out his own independent alternative media broadcasting, performs in the critical political economy context. In this study that qualitative analysis method was adopted, semi-structured in-depth interview techniques were used. At the end of the study, the findings of the alternative media broadcasting realized by Ünsal Ünlü were divided into categories as “ownership structure and economic income model of the program”, “news production practices”, “journalism understanding”, “program contents and followers”. Mainstream media broadcasting in the World and in Turkey has undergone a change with the new right-wing policies implemented after 1980. This change has led to an increase in concentration, convergence and cross-monopolization tendencies in the field of mainstream media. Defined as the “fourth power” in the liberal pluralist approach, the media cannot fulfill its public function due to political economy obstacles. In this context, the media acts through the representation of the elite, not the citizens. At this point, it is important that alternative media provide a space for independent journalists and citizens to express themselves. “Alternative media” areas created by using some advantages of new media; it is of great importance in terms of access to accurate information, democratic participation and free broadcasting by getting rid of the ownership structure of the media. The theoretical roots of alternative media go back to the critical media studies initiated by the Frankfurt School. Later, the propaganda model conceptualized by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky was used in mainstream media criticism of alternative media. Thanks to alternative media, people can become media producers against to mainstream media. In this respect, alternative media are more democratic than mainstream media. Taking into account the mainstream media atmosphere as ownership structure and media contents in Turkey, it is possible to say that alternative media platforms and publishers have emerged by necessity. Independent journalists who do not work in any media outlet but continue to broadcast on their personal social media accounts can express themselves only in this way. These publishers transform their personal social media accounts into “their own alternative media platforms” and conduct their own independent broadcasts. It can be said that Ünsal Ünlü is one of the most successful examples of this issue among independent journalists. Ünsal Ünlü, who worked in various positions as an experienced journalist in different institutions in the mainstream media for years, left the mainstream media completely in 2015 and decided to make his own program on the internet with the support of her close friend, journalist Ruşen Çakır. Although he states that the name of the program is “Patronsuz (Bossless / no boss)”, Ünsal Ünlü uses his own name on all platforms where the program is broadcast. The slogan of the program, which has completed its fifth year as of August 2020, is “Patron kızar mı? Demeden… (Without saying ‘Will the boss get angry?’).” The name and slogan of the program are at an important point in terms of pointing out the problems regarding ownership structure in mainstream media. Considering the findings of this study, it can be seen that Ünsal Ünlü’s basic income model consists of donations from the audience and grants as technical support received from international organizations. Ünsal Ünlü does not accept sponsorships from brands to his program due to various political economy reasons. Since the broadcasts reach a mass level with audience support, the dependency of the advertising revenues is eliminated to a certain extent. At the same time, the advertising element between the broadcaster and the audience disappears, thereby moving away from the ideological production of ads and the commodification of the audience. Ünsal Ünlü defines his broadcasting as alternative media broadcasting and states that it is moving towards becoming a “mainstream” as alternative media has gained a massive dimension. Although he is an independent and solo broadcaster, Ünlü wanted to give his work an official and corporate identity. Ünlü invoices the donations made to him, shows these donations as income and pays the tax. This point is important in terms of evaluating the production as a “business” in the official sense and not marginalizing alternative media. In this way, alternative media goes beyond the stereotypes of the literature and turns into an institutional and mass broadcasting activity. Ünsal Ünlü examines the backgrounds of the topics on the agenda and ties up the relationship between the topics with the society in his program. Journalism understanding of Ünsal Ünlü is shaped within the framework of the principles of neutrality and pluralism. Ünlü, who works as a journalist without any commercial concerns, takes care to use a “responsible language”. In this respect, it can be said that Ünlü’s alternative media broadcasts have a perspective that is not radical but does not break with the critical view. The program includes representations of different groups and topics that cannot be discussed in the mainstream media. In this sense, alternative can be provided and the hegemony of mainstream media can be exceeded “to a certain extent”. Consequently, it can be said that alternative media broadcasting acts in a freer and pluralistic structure against to mainstream media. When we evaluate it in a critical political economy aspect, the independence of the broadcasts also affects the content production process and allows more original texts to emerge.
Considering today’s mainstream / mainstream / commercial media atmosphere, it is seen that monopolized media companies follow a broadcasting policy that is far from the representation of the public and polyphony, due to various political economy and structural problems. In addition, the existing structural problems in mainstream media have accelerated the orientation of independent journalists to alternative field and new alternative media platforms and alternative media broadcasters have emerged. In this context, it is important to question what kind of broadcasting practice alternative media carry out against mainstream media in today’s media atmosphere. In this study, it is aimed to understand what kind of broadcasting Ünsal Ünlü, who carries out his own independent alternative media broadcasting, performs in the critical political economy context. In this study that qualitative analysis method was adopted, semi-structured in-depth interview techniques were used. At the end of the study, the findings of the alternative media broadcasting realized by Ünsal Ünlü were divided into categories as “ownership structure and economic income model of the program”, “news production practices”, “journalism understanding”, “program contents and followers”. Mainstream media broadcasting in the World and in Turkey has undergone a change with the new right-wing policies implemented after 1980. This change has led to an increase in concentration, convergence and cross-monopolization tendencies in the field of mainstream media. Defined as the “fourth power” in the liberal pluralist approach, the media cannot fulfill its public function due to political economy obstacles. In this context, the media acts through the representation of the elite, not the citizens. At this point, it is important that alternative media provide a space for independent journalists and citizens to express themselves. “Alternative media” areas created by using some advantages of new media; it is of great importance in terms of access to accurate information, democratic participation and free broadcasting by getting rid of the ownership structure of the media. The theoretical roots of alternative media go back to the critical media studies initiated by the Frankfurt School. Later, the propaganda model conceptualized by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky was used in mainstream media criticism of alternative media. Thanks to alternative media, people can become media producers against to mainstream media. In this respect, alternative media are more democratic than mainstream media. Taking into account the mainstream media atmosphere as ownership structure and media contents in Turkey, it is possible to say that alternative media platforms and publishers have emerged by necessity. Independent journalists who do not work in any media outlet but continue to broadcast on their personal social media accounts can express themselves only in this way. These publishers transform their personal social media accounts into “their own alternative media platforms” and conduct their own independent broadcasts. It can be said that Ünsal Ünlü is one of the most successful examples of this issue among independent journalists. Ünsal Ünlü, who worked in various positions as an experienced journalist in different institutions in the mainstream media for years, left the mainstream media completely in 2015 and decided to make his own program on the internet with the support of her close friend, journalist Ruşen Çakır. Although he states that the name of the program is “Patronsuz (Bossless / no boss)”, Ünsal Ünlü uses his own name on all platforms where the program is broadcast. The slogan of the program, which has completed its fifth year as of August 2020, is “Patron kızar mı? Demeden… (Without saying ‘Will the boss get angry?’).” The name and slogan of the program are at an important point in terms of pointing out the problems regarding ownership structure in mainstream media. Considering the findings of this study, it can be seen that Ünsal Ünlü’s basic income model consists of donations from the audience and grants as technical support received from international organizations. Ünsal Ünlü does not accept sponsorships from brands to his program due to various political economy reasons. Since the broadcasts reach a mass level with audience support, the dependency of the advertising revenues is eliminated to a certain extent. At the same time, the advertising element between the broadcaster and the audience disappears, thereby moving away from the ideological production of ads and the commodification of the audience. Ünsal Ünlü defines his broadcasting as alternative media broadcasting and states that it is moving towards becoming a “mainstream” as alternative media has gained a massive dimension. Although he is an independent and solo broadcaster, Ünlü wanted to give his work an official and corporate identity. Ünlü invoices the donations made to him, shows these donations as income and pays the tax. This point is important in terms of evaluating the production as a “business” in the official sense and not marginalizing alternative media. In this way, alternative media goes beyond the stereotypes of the literature and turns into an institutional and mass broadcasting activity. Ünsal Ünlü examines the backgrounds of the topics on the agenda and ties up the relationship between the topics with the society in his program. Journalism understanding of Ünsal Ünlü is shaped within the framework of the principles of neutrality and pluralism. Ünlü, who works as a journalist without any commercial concerns, takes care to use a “responsible language”. In this respect, it can be said that Ünlü’s alternative media broadcasts have a perspective that is not radical but does not break with the critical view. The program includes representations of different groups and topics that cannot be discussed in the mainstream media. In this sense, alternative can be provided and the hegemony of mainstream media can be exceeded “to a certain extent”. Consequently, it can be said that alternative media broadcasting acts in a freer and pluralistic structure against to mainstream media. When we evaluate it in a critical political economy aspect, the independence of the broadcasts also affects the content production process and allows more original texts to emerge.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Anaakım Medya, Alternatif Medya, Eleştirel Ekonomi Politik Yaklaşım, Ünsal Ünlü, Mainstream Media, Alternative Media, Critical Political Economy Approach
Kaynak
Intermedia Uluslararası Hakemli İletişim Bilimleri E-Dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
7
Sayı
13
