Sosyal sorumluluk projelerine neoliberalizm ve sosyal devlet bağlamında eleştirel bir bakış
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
1960’lı yıllarda kurumsallaşan sosyal devlet olgusu, 70’lerle birlikte sosyal devlet anlayışının sorgulanması ve 1980’lerden itibaren neoliberal politikaların yaşama geçmesiyle birlikte çözülmeye başlamıştır. Bu süreç sonucunda devletin sosyal yönü yok olmamakla birlikte zayıflamıştır. Devletlerin sorumluluğunda olan bazı konular kar odaklı şirketlere devredilmeye ya da çeşitli ortaklıklar yürütülerek yerine getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Böylece devletlerin sorumluluk alanında yer alan hizmetler, kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk projeleriyle tamir edilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada neoliberal politikalarla sosyal devletin yaşadığı dönüşüm ele alınırken Türkiye’deki sosyal sorumluluk projelerine nasıl yansıdığı açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Türkiye hükümetinin de kabul ettiği Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları’nın (SKA) kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk projelerine yansıması incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini 2017-2020 yılları arasında Türkiye Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk Derneği ve Cenevre merkezli Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Akademisi tarafından düzenlenen Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Akademi Ödülleri’ni alan kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk projeleri oluşturmaktadır. Doküman analizinin kullanıldığı çalışmada ödül alan 50 projenin üretildiği SKA’lar, paydaş analizi ve SKA’lara yönelik sektör analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk projelerinin nitelikli eğitim (SKA 4), eşitsizliklerin azaltılması (SKA 10) başlıklarında yoğunlaştığı görülmüştür. Temiz su ve sanitasyon (SKA 6), erişilebilir ve temiz enerji (SKA 7), sudaki yaşam (SKA 14), barış, adalet ve güçlü kurumlar (SKA 16) başlıklarında ise 2017-2020 yılları arasında proje üretilmediği tespit edilmiştir. Enerji, petrol, gaz türevleri üretimi ve dağıtımı sektöründe bulunan şirketlerin sosyal sorumluluk projesi üretmesine rağmen kendi sektörlerini ilgilendiren SKA 7 kapsamında proje üretmemeleri dikkat çeken bulgulardandır. Özel sektörün kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk projelerinde paydaş tercihi analiz edildiğinde en fazla kamu kuruluşlarıyla, ardından ise STK’larla sonrasında ise hem kamu kuruluşları hem de STK’larla işbirliği yaptığı görülmektedir.
Extended Abstract: The social state can be tracked back to the 17th century (Kara, 2013, p.285-286). However, the rise of the social state is after 1945. Thereafter state’s power of social and economic began to reduce because of the appearance of neoliberalism and the effectiveness of social state was weakened. Moreover, privatization has started to come forward with neoliberalism. Social security system started facing problems as social policy implementations were decreased. The international capital gained more effective power than the states thus the international capital gained more authority (Jessop, 2005, p.318). Hence, the state started to recede from social policy implementations, and these implementations were taken over by private sector, nonprofit organization, or nongovernmental organization. As a result, companies tried to solve social problems instead of the state (Petenkaya, 2010, p.170-171). It is possible to draw a parallelism between rising of neoliberalism policy and gaining importance of corporate social responsibility. According to Okay and Okay, notion of social responsibility was born in the middle of the 1960s (2012, p.515). Social responsibility is a requirement for companies to be beneficial to society. According to the notion of social responsibility, companies should not only aim for profit, but also to generate social benefits. According to Kotler, social responsibility has acquired a new dimension when it comes to the fore as a systematic field (Kotler, 2015, p.152-155). For business world, the competition rules were changed, and social responsibility has become an evaluation criteria for success. The business world started to act more responsible for the issues in the field of social responsibility. The main reasons of social responsibility in the business world can be explained as follows: the state’s inability to provide adequate services in some areas (Akkoyunlu ve Kalyoncuoğlu, 2014, p.126-127), aiming to make profit in the long run, creating a positive image, and providing competitive advantage (Kotler ve Lee, 2017, p.69). Protectionist approaches initiated by international organizations -such as United Nations, International Labour Organization (ILO) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Union (EU)- are also caused the increase both interest and importance of social responsibility (Acar, 2020, p.6). This research aims to analyse the relationship between social responsibility projects and neoliberal policy. Turkey’s neoliberal policy started in the 1980s and Turkey Republic has trid to shuffle off some social policy issues over the years. At this point, social responsibilty which turns into new competitive field between companies, and neoliberalization of the state intersect. Although there are many academic studies on the field of social responsibility, studies focus on social responsibility, neoliberalism, and the social state triangle are extremely limited (Akyıldız, 2007; Aksoy, 2011; Bağcan, 2013). Hence, the mentioned limitation in the field reveals the importance of this research. In this study, the reflection of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), which was set forth by the United Nations (UN), and also accepted by the Turkish government, on corporate social responsibility projects was examined. The sample of the research is the corporate social responsibility projects which were awarded by the Sustainable Development Academy between 2017-2020. Sustainable Development Academy Awards are organized by Turkey Corporate Social Responsibility Association and Sustainable Development Academy. The method of this research is document analysis, and 50 projects that were awarded are analyzed by their sectors and stakeholders. According to the research results, corporate social responsibility projects focused on quality education (Goal 4), and reduced inequalities (Goal 10). Between 2017-2020, there were no projects on clean water and sanitation (Goal 6), affordable and clean energy (Goal 7), life below water (Goal 14), peace, justice, and strong institutions (Goal 16). One of the interesting findings is that companies in sector of energy, petrol, or gas do not produce any project within Goal 7, even though they produce some social responsibility projects. In corporate social responsibility projects of the private sector, it cooperates mostly with public institutions, then with NGOs and then with both public institutions and NGOs. With neoliberal free-market movements, developments in the international arena, and many problems arising from competition, the social responsibilities of businesses have gained a new dimension. As a result of the pressure of governments, public opinion, competitive market conditions, and international agreements, companies place their social responsibility activities at the center of their business plans. Companies place sustainable development at the center of their projects. On the other hand, it is observed that states impose some of their responsibilities on the private sector. And, this is considered as one of the consequences of neo-liberalization.
Extended Abstract: The social state can be tracked back to the 17th century (Kara, 2013, p.285-286). However, the rise of the social state is after 1945. Thereafter state’s power of social and economic began to reduce because of the appearance of neoliberalism and the effectiveness of social state was weakened. Moreover, privatization has started to come forward with neoliberalism. Social security system started facing problems as social policy implementations were decreased. The international capital gained more effective power than the states thus the international capital gained more authority (Jessop, 2005, p.318). Hence, the state started to recede from social policy implementations, and these implementations were taken over by private sector, nonprofit organization, or nongovernmental organization. As a result, companies tried to solve social problems instead of the state (Petenkaya, 2010, p.170-171). It is possible to draw a parallelism between rising of neoliberalism policy and gaining importance of corporate social responsibility. According to Okay and Okay, notion of social responsibility was born in the middle of the 1960s (2012, p.515). Social responsibility is a requirement for companies to be beneficial to society. According to the notion of social responsibility, companies should not only aim for profit, but also to generate social benefits. According to Kotler, social responsibility has acquired a new dimension when it comes to the fore as a systematic field (Kotler, 2015, p.152-155). For business world, the competition rules were changed, and social responsibility has become an evaluation criteria for success. The business world started to act more responsible for the issues in the field of social responsibility. The main reasons of social responsibility in the business world can be explained as follows: the state’s inability to provide adequate services in some areas (Akkoyunlu ve Kalyoncuoğlu, 2014, p.126-127), aiming to make profit in the long run, creating a positive image, and providing competitive advantage (Kotler ve Lee, 2017, p.69). Protectionist approaches initiated by international organizations -such as United Nations, International Labour Organization (ILO) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Union (EU)- are also caused the increase both interest and importance of social responsibility (Acar, 2020, p.6). This research aims to analyse the relationship between social responsibility projects and neoliberal policy. Turkey’s neoliberal policy started in the 1980s and Turkey Republic has trid to shuffle off some social policy issues over the years. At this point, social responsibilty which turns into new competitive field between companies, and neoliberalization of the state intersect. Although there are many academic studies on the field of social responsibility, studies focus on social responsibility, neoliberalism, and the social state triangle are extremely limited (Akyıldız, 2007; Aksoy, 2011; Bağcan, 2013). Hence, the mentioned limitation in the field reveals the importance of this research. In this study, the reflection of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), which was set forth by the United Nations (UN), and also accepted by the Turkish government, on corporate social responsibility projects was examined. The sample of the research is the corporate social responsibility projects which were awarded by the Sustainable Development Academy between 2017-2020. Sustainable Development Academy Awards are organized by Turkey Corporate Social Responsibility Association and Sustainable Development Academy. The method of this research is document analysis, and 50 projects that were awarded are analyzed by their sectors and stakeholders. According to the research results, corporate social responsibility projects focused on quality education (Goal 4), and reduced inequalities (Goal 10). Between 2017-2020, there were no projects on clean water and sanitation (Goal 6), affordable and clean energy (Goal 7), life below water (Goal 14), peace, justice, and strong institutions (Goal 16). One of the interesting findings is that companies in sector of energy, petrol, or gas do not produce any project within Goal 7, even though they produce some social responsibility projects. In corporate social responsibility projects of the private sector, it cooperates mostly with public institutions, then with NGOs and then with both public institutions and NGOs. With neoliberal free-market movements, developments in the international arena, and many problems arising from competition, the social responsibilities of businesses have gained a new dimension. As a result of the pressure of governments, public opinion, competitive market conditions, and international agreements, companies place their social responsibility activities at the center of their business plans. Companies place sustainable development at the center of their projects. On the other hand, it is observed that states impose some of their responsibilities on the private sector. And, this is considered as one of the consequences of neo-liberalization.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları, Neoliberalizm, Sosyal Devlet, Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainable Development Goals, Neoliberalism, Social State
Kaynak
Intermedia Uluslararası Hakemli İletişim Bilimleri E-Dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
8
Sayı
14
