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    Fostering innovative entrepreneurship for sustainable economic development in Türkiye by transforming education and social attitudes
    (İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, 2025) Tayeh, Adel; Balcı, Yusuf
    This paper investigates the root causes of Türkiye's persistent economic challenges, focusing on the interplay between historical events, social dynamics, and structural barriers to innovation. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), it explores Türkiye’s reliance on low-value goods, dependence on foreign capital, and slow transition to an innovation-driven economy. Drawing on Schumpeter's theory, which links low innovation to low-profit goods, the study analyzes barriers to innovative entrepreneurship, particularly in education and cultural norms. The study employs the GEM framework to assess Türkiye’s 13 Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions (EFCs). Using GEM’s Adult Population Survey (APS) and National Expert Survey (NES), it examines entrepreneurship stages, finance, policy, infrastructure, education, and cultural attitudes. Data from GEM, academic research, and government sources provide insights into barriers that hinder innovation and economic growth. Findings inform strategic recommendations for fostering an innovation-driven economy in Türkiye. Türkiye ranks low in global innovation and entrepreneurship indices, placing 39th out of 132 countries in the Global Innovation Index (GII, 2023) and 35th out of 50 in the GEM National Entrepreneurship Context Index (NECI, 2021). Weaknesses in Entrepreneurial Education at the School Stage (2.06/9) and Cultural and Social Norms (3.68/9) highlight gaps that hinder innovation. This produces low-value goods production, limited domestic savings, and high foreign capital dependence. This study uniquely applies GEM’s EFCs to identify structural barriers to entrepreneurship in Türkiye. By linking historical, economic, and social factors, it offers a novel perspective beyond short-term policy fixes. It provides insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to foster a resilient, innovation-driven economy.