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    (Dis)trust in doctors and public and private healthcare institutions in the Western Balkans
    (John Wiley and Sons, 2022) Maljichi, Driton; Limani, Blerim; Spier, Troy E.; Angjelkoska, Violeta; Stojković Zlatanović, Sanja; Maljichi, Drita; Alloqi Tahirbegolli, Iliriana; Tahirbegolli, Bernard; Kulanić, Ahmed; Agolli Nasufi, Irida; Kovač-Orlandić, Milica
    Introduction: Considering the geopolitical changes in the six Western Balkan countries—Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia—over the last three decades, particularly as it concerns the progress and changes in the healthcare systems, we argue that there is a need for a detailed analysis of people's trust in those healthcare systems and healthcare providers. Methods: In this cross?sectional, intercountry study, we examine the trust trends of Western Balkans citizens in medical doctors and public and private healthcare institutions from 25 July 2021 to 30 October 2021, with 3789 participants using a self?reported questionnaire, and Google Forms. Snowball sampling is used to collect data from six Western Balkans countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia. Findings: The primary findings of our study show that citizens in the Western Balkans have a low level of trust in their healthcare system (X?= 4.3/10). Medical doctors working in private healthcare institutions, on the other hand, are afforded a higher level of trust (X?= 6.6/10) than those working in public healthcare institutions (X?= 5.7/10). In the event that they or their family members need to visit a health institution, half of the study participants would choose private healthcare institutions over public ones. We found a statistically significant difference between countries on the mean points from the questions concerning one's trust in the healthcare system, private healthcare institutions and medical doctors working in public and private sectors (p < .05). Conclusion: Despite its limitations, this study is the first cross?sectional research on the ‘trust interface’ among western Balkan citizens, revealing that they have low trust in their healthcare systems. Public Contribution: The information in this manuscript was gathered on the level of 3789 citizens from six Western Balkan countries. Before we began collecting data, we conducted a piloting procedure with 40 citizens who were clients of health institutions to validate the data collection questionnaire.
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    Health Tourism Prevalence among Western Balkans Citizens During the COVID-19 Pandemic Period
    (Bentham Science Publishers, 2023) Maljichi, Drita; Tahirbegolli, Bernard; Maljichi, Driton; Tahirbegolli, Iliriana Alloqi; Spier, Troy E.; Kulanić, Ahmed; Nasufi, Irida Agolli; Kovač-Orlandić, Milica
    Background: This study seeks to evaluate the prevalence of and the association between receiving medical care abroad and the level of trust that citizens from the Western Balkans—Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Montenegro—have in their healthcare systems. Methods: The study is cross-sectional and was carried out during three months (July 25-October 30, 2021) through a self-reported questionnaire administered through the Google Forms platform. The study included approximately two-thousand citizens (N=2,356) aged eighteen (18) to seventy (70). Results: More than one-third (37.2%) of respondents stated that they or a relative had received healthcare services abroad during the last twelve (12) months. Citizens of Montenegro had the highest prevalence of receiving healthcare services abroad at 43.8%, followed by those from Bosnia and Herzegovina at 39%. No statistically significant difference was found in the level of trust in the healthcare system in the country between those who received healthcare services abroad (4.41±2.88) (out of 10) and those who did not (4.48±2.81) (t=-0.587, p=0.557). Conclusion: We ultimately conclude that more than one-third of the participants in our study have traveled abroad for healthcare purposes, with females, those living in urban areas, and those who have previously had a negative healthcare experience in their home country all being more likely to rely on health tourism.
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    Multiculturalism as a value in healthcare services in the Western Balkans
    (University of South Bohemia, 2024) Maljichi, Driton; Limani, Blerim; Tahirbegolli, Bernard; Spier, Troy E.; Tahirbegolli, Iliriana Alloqi; Zlatanović, Sanja Stojković; Maljichi, Drita; Kulanić, Ahmed; Nasufi, Irida Agolli; Kovač-Orlandić, Milica; Qerimi, Gëzim
    In this study, we aimed to examine the healthcare preferences and perspectives of citizens in the Western Balkans (namely Albania, North Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina), as well as their trust toward medical professionals of various genders and ages. Almost 4,000 citizens (N = 3,789) of six countries in the Western Balkans (Albania, North Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina) were surveyed using a self-reported questionnaire in this inter-country cross-sectional study. Most of the participants state that their ethnicity (86%) or religion (89%) has no effect on receiving services in healthcare institutions when the doctor is from a different ethnicity or religion (p < 0.05). One-third of the study’s participants stated that they don’t necessarily prefer to be treated by medical doctors who approach all patients of different nationalities equally. Finally, this article demonstrates that the majority of Balkan citizens had no disparities when receiving medical care from a medical doctor of a different ethnicity or religion. About one-third of the research participants nurture tolerance and diversity as a behavior culture and do not want to be treated by a doctor who discriminates against patients of different nationalities.