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    Discerning the role of renewable energy and energy efficiency in finding the path to cleaner consumption and production patterns: New insights from developing economies
    (Elsevier, 2022) Shahbaz, Muhammad; Nwani, Chinazaekpere; Bekun, Festus Victor; Gyamfi, Bright Akwasi; Agozie, Divine Q.
    This study provides empirical evidence on the relationship between energy efficiency and production-and -consumption based carbon emissions by assessing the impact of population size, income, and clean energy on the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions function. Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MM-QR) and Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimators are applied to observe long-term associations between the variables, and Dumitrescu-Hurlin (DH) Ganger causality test is used to identify the direction of causality. Findings reveal that, across all specifications, energy intensity and population size have positive (increasing) impact on both estimates of CO2 emissions while renewable energy use has a negatively significant impact and stronger on consumption -based estimates. The presence of an inverted U-shaped curve in the relationship between per capita income and CO2 emissions, as predicted by the Environment Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, only exists when CO2 emissions are calculated based on production pattern. Further empirical analysis based on DH causality tests show a bidirectional causality between energy intensity and production-based CO2 emissions, population size and consumption-based CO2 emissions, per capita income and consumption-based CO2 emissions, and energy in-tensity and renewable energy use. In addition, a unidirectional causality runs from per capita income to production-based CO2 emissions, and from energy intensity and renewable energy use to consumption-based CO2 emissions. This analysis outlines a paradigm for the formulation of a green development strategy in developing economies via energy and environmental resources.
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    Role of household energy efficiency in shaping policy directives toward clean electricity transition in the United States: A nonparametric multivariate QQR approach
    (Elsevier, 2024) Usman, Ojonugwa; Nwani, Chinazaekpere; Özkan, Oktay
    Despite the growing interest in energy transition policies, electricity generation in the U.S. remains heavily dependent on natural gas and coal. In this paper, we investigate the role of household energy efficiency in shaping policy directives toward a clean electricity transition in the U.S. through the use of a novel nonparametric multivariate quantile on quantile regression (M?QQR) over the period 1970 to 2040. The empirical results reveal that household energy-related efficiency has a positive effect on clean electricity transition across quantiles. This implies that household energy efficiency promotes clean electricity transition in the U.S. The results also show that energy expenditure and intensity of energy-related CO2 emissions are negatively related to clean electricity transition. However, the role of energy expenditures in the higher quantiles is positive. These findings align with the sensitivity and robustness analyses. This study offers significant contributions: First, the recently extended bivariate quantile-on-quantile regression to a multivariate case is applied. Second, we use historical and forecast datasets that span over seven decades. Overall, this study suggests the need for policymakers to utilize energy efficiency measures to stimulate transition towards clean electricity.
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    Technological pathways to decarbonisation and the role of renewable energy: A study of European countries using consumption-based metrics
    (Elsevier, 2023) Nwani, Chinazaekpere; Usman, Ojonugwa; Okere, Kingsley Ikechukwu; Bekun, Festus Victor
    To decarbonise Europe in the post-COP26 era, current policies must be adjusted to account for the cross-border consequences of its consumption pattern. Using consumption-based Kaya identity metrics adjusted for emissions and energy embodied in traded goods and services, this study examines the nexus between technological factors defining energy transition progress, specifically energy and carbon intensities of the consumption mix, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, in a sample of 20 European countries from 1995 to 2019. The empirical steps rely on panel-data estimators that are robust to cross-sectional dependence and allow for heterogeneous slope coefficients. The results show that energy and carbon intensities of the consumption mix have a positive rela tionship with CO2 emissions but a negative relationship with renewable energy consumption. The findings also verify an inverted U-shaped relationship between affluence and CO2 emissions through the energy and carbon intensity metrics. Additional tests show a unidirectional causality from carbon intensity of the energy mix to CO2 emissions and from renewable energy to the carbon intensity. Also, bidirectional causality exists between CO2 emissions and per capita GDP and energy intensity, and between renewable energy and energy intensity. By implication, renewable energy provides the technological path to mitigating consumption-induced emissions in Europe.