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    The differential impact of user- and firm-generated content on online brand advocacy: customer engagement and brand familiarity matter
    (Emerald Publishing, 2022) Aljarah, Ahmad; Sawaftah, Dima; Ibrahim, Blend; Lahuerta-Otero, Eva
    Purpose – The aim of this study is first, to investigate the relative effect of user-generated content (UGC) and firm-generated content (FGC) on online brand advocacy, and second, to examine the mediation effect of customer engagement and the moderation effect of brand familiarity in the relationship between UGC and FGC and online brand advocacy. The differential impact of UGC and FGC on consumer behavior has yet to receive sufficient academic attention among hospitality scholars. Design/methodology/approach – Based on social learning theory, cognitive consistency theory and schema theory, this study established an integrated research framework to explain the relationship between the constructs of the study. This study adopts a scenario-based experimental design in two separate studies within contexts to examine the proposed hypotheses. Findings – The results revealed that UGC is a stronger predictor of online brand advocacy than FGC. A mediation analysis supported that the effect of digital content marketing types on online brand advocacy occurs because of customer engagement. Further, when the brand was familiar, participants showed a higher level of online brand advocacy than when they were exposed to FGC (vs. unfamiliar brand), whereas the effect of familiar and unfamiliar brands on online brand advocacy remains slightly close to each other when the participants were exposed to UGC. Brand familiarity positively enhanced participants’ engagement when they were exposed to UGC. Further, customer engagement is only a significant mediator when the brand is unfamiliar. Practical implications – This paper presents significant managerial implications for hospitality companies about how they can effectively enhance brand advocacy in the online medium. Originality/value – This research provides a novel contribution by examining the differential impact of UGC and FGC on online brand advocacy as well as uncovering the underlying mechanism of how and under what conditions user- and firm-generated content promotes online brand advocacy in the hospitality context.
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    Doing good does not always lead to doing well: The corrective, compensating and cultivating goodwill CSR effects on brand defense
    (Routledge, 2022) Aljarah, Ahmad; Ibrahim, Blend; Lahuerta-Otero, Eva; García de los Salmones, Maria del Mar
    This study investigated the relative impacts of three corporate social responsibility (CSR) types – namely corrective, compensating and cultivating CSR – on brand defense by considering customer–company’s (C–C’s) identification mediation role and CSR authenticity’s moderation role in these relationships. A between-subject experiment was conducted on 573 coffee shop customers in the United States. The findings revealed corrective CSR is the strongest brand defense predictor, followed by compensating and cultivating CSR. The CSR types’ relative effects are mediated by C–C identification, and as such, compensating CSR’s indirect effects on brand defense through C–C identification are stronger than cultivating CSR’s indirect effects on brand defense. When the CSR authenticity level is high, cultivating CSR has a significant indirect effect – through C–C identification – on brand defense that is stronger than when the CSR authenticity level is low. When the level is high, compensating CSR has an insignificant indirect effect – through C–C identification – on brand defense, similar to when the level is low. Finally, findings on moderated mediation revealed the indirect relationship between the three CSR types on brand defense – through C–C identification – is moderated by CSR authenticity.