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Öğe Design of Analytical Method Validation Protocol Evaluating Environmental Monitoring of AND Contamination on Surfaces Based on Cleaning Validation Procedures: A Multi Component RP-UHPLC Method(NLM (Medline), 2022) Demircan Yildirim, Fatma; Ekmekci, IsmailEnvironmental monitoring of anti-neoplastic drug (AND) residues in workplaces is crucial to limit exposure to workers who handle with them. Although wipe sampling is the most appropriate methodology to evaluate the risk, conflicting results are also reported due to the lack of standardized and validated procedures. In this study, procedures for surface contamination of ANDs in workplaces are presented, with a focus on sampling, sample preparation and instrumentation. The analytical method validation parameters are designed to comply with requirements of The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for active pharmaceutical ingredients. Additionally, the study provides a simple, specific, rapid and multi-component analytical method to evaluate seven ANDs that are Gefitinib, Imatinib, Dasatinib, Axitinib, Erlotinib, Nilotinib and Sorafenib at very low concentration levels, simultaneously. Quantitative, precise and reproducible results obtained from the study show that environmental monitoring procedure and analytical method validation protocol presented in the study can be used to reduce and monitor occupational exposure risk to ANDs in wokplaces.Öğe Electrical hazards in industrial facilities and evaluation of the measures(Publishing House of the Romanian Academy, 2022) Paker, Serdar; Ekmekci, IsmailControl measures against electrical hazards in industrial facilities are given in the form of inspection checklists in standards and regulations. In these classic checklists, only the precautions against electric shock are checked within the scope of occupational health and safety. Industrial facilities have not only electrical shock hazards but also arc flash hazards. Therefore, checklists must include precautions against arc flash injuries. To design these measures, the magnitude of the arc flash incident energy must first be calculated. In this paper, the incident energy formula has been evaluated. In addition, new control lines have been added to the inspection checklist for precautions against arc flash hazards. Another important issue is the prioritization of the electrical installation checklist lines by calculating their importance weights. In this prioritization, the analytical hierarchy process, one of the multi-criteria decision-making techniques, was used. 23 experienced inspection engineers were interviewed to create a weighted prioritization table for the 33-line checklist. Thus, occupational safety professionals working in industrial facilities will be able to make an action plan for corrective actions using this prioritization table.Öğe Energy and performance optimization of an adaptive cycle engine for next generation combat aircraft(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2020) Aygun, Hakan; Cilgin, Mehmet Emin; Ekmekci, Ismail; Turan, OnderFor next generation aircraft, Adaptive Cycle Engine (ACE) is a candidate to fulfill the multi-mission requirements of flight. This new concept is promising to complete deficiencies of conventional low by-pass mixed turbofan engines because the ACE model incorporates different thermodynamic cycles (turbojet and turbofan) on the same air vehicle system. Firstly, performance and design results of the ACE model are compared with those of fixed cycle low by-pass turbofan engine by using specific fuel consumption (SFC), specific thrust (ST), power and efficiency parameters. Moreover, verification of the newly developed ACE model is performed. Secondly, considering some design parameters, ST and SFC values of the ACE model are analyzed for double by-pass mode (DBM) and single by-pass mode (SBM). Considering performance analysis of the ACE, SFC value is determined as 17.85 g/kN.s at DBM and 42.18 g/kN.s at SBM. According to results of energy analysis, overall efficiency of the ACE is calculated as 23% for DBM and 9% for SBM whereas fixed cycle engine has 18% for military mode and 7% for afterburner mode. Finally, minimization of (SFC) is obtained with genetic algorithm approach. Based on the design variables such as by-pass ratio and turbine inlet temperature, minimum SFC value for the ACE model is calculated as 17.41 g/kN.s at DBM and 40.45 g/kN.s at SBM. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL POWDERS BASED ON AN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING METHOD: A PILOT STUDY(NOFER INST OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE, SW, 2020) Yildirim, Fatma Demircan; Ekmekci, IsmailBackground: About 8 million healthcare workers in the USA are potentially exposed to hazardous drugs or their toxic metabolites over a long period of tune despite the fact that both the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the European Parliament recommend the monitoring of exposure among workers dealing with substances which have carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic effects on the reproductive system. The objective of this study is to determine exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) among pharmaceutical industry workers, and to develop a methodology which promotes the accurate monitoring, evaluation and control of exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients, also in compliance with good manufacturing practice. Material and Methods: The pilot study was designed in accordance with "Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing - Current Good Manufacturing Practice issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The samples were collected with the swab technique which was recommended in the "Validation of Cleaning Processes (7/93)" guideline. The minimum numbers of locations (N-L 9) and sampling points (N-L (T) - 63) were determined according to ISO 14644-1:2015 "Cleanrooms and Associated Controlled Environments" issued by the International Organization for Standardization. The samples were analyzed using an ultra performance liquid chromatography system, with an analytical method which was developed and validated according to "Q7A, Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients" issued by the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. The low limit of quantification of the employed method (17 ng/ml) enables the determination of exposure at low concentrations. Results: While contamination was detected in 43 (68.3%) of the 63 samples collected, 20 (31.7%) could not be detected. The environmental monitoring results ranged 0-15 000 ng/cm(2) and the potential risk of exposure to API was considered to be >2 g. Conclusions: The results clearly prove and reveal the magnitude of the hazard, both objectively and scientifically, when compared to the research which suggests that 10 ng/cm(2) should be considered the prohibitory risk level in quantitative terms.Öğe Heart hybrid methods for assessing human reliability in coal-fired thermal power plant process(MDPI, 2022) Ogmen, Akide Cerci; Ekmekci, IsmailThe assessment of human reliability is crucial in serious processes and operations, such as planned maintenance, unplanned maintenance, and troubleshooting in a coal-fired thermal power plant, as the nature of these processes poses significant threats. When the literature is examined, the evaluation of human reliability in any type of power plant, especially coal-fired thermal power plants, is limited. In order to fill this gap, we systematically assessed human reliability in an accident that occurred during a repair of a tube failure in a boiler in a coal-fired thermal power plant. The HEART (human error assessment and reduction technique) method was used in a hybrid way alongside the fuzzy AHP and SWARA (step weight assessment ratio analysis) methods. Although the HEART method is a practical, understandable, and easy-to-implement human reliability assessment method, the APOE (assessment of the proportion effect) value depends on the decision of a single decision maker. This study aimed to eliminate this deficiency and compare human error possibilities using HEART–fuzzy AHP and HEART–SWARA methods. This hybrid method can be used in the operation of all coal-fired thermal power plants and provides practical contributions to minimize human error.Öğe A model proposal for occupational health and safety performance measurement in geothermal drilling areas(MDPI, 2022) Tonka, Şebnem Karul; Ekmekci, IsmailThe energy sources required for general development and maintenance cause environmental pollution due to the carbon emissions released into the atmosphere. For these reasons, countries have turned to renewable energy sources. Energy production methods also cause serious problems in terms of the health and safety of employees. This study aimed to create an occupational health and safety performance model in geothermal energy fields, which generate renewable energy sources, using multi-criteria decision-making methods. A two-stage model was created for OHS performance index measurement. In the first stage, a literature screening was performed, risk analysis criteria were examined, and performance measurement criteria were determined with geophysical engineers and OHS experts. Seven main criteria and forty-seven subcriteria were set. An analytical hierarchy process method (AHP) and a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (F-AHP) using the main criteria and subcriteria were determined. In the second stage, exposure rates were obtained using the Promethee method in three geothermal wells. The risks in these three wells are listed according to their importance. A performance model was created. The Results section includes conclusions and suggestions. This study, by creating an OHS performance model, can be used by managers and OHS professionals working in geothermal energy production fields to solve problems.Öğe Prediction of gamma ray spectrum for 22Na source by feed forward back propagation ANN model(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Teke, Cagatay; Akkurt, Iskender; Arslankaya, Seher; Ekmekci, Ismail; Gunoglu, KadirThe radiation has been used in a variety of different fields since its discovery and thus its measurement becomes vital in these industries. Different type detector may be used to measure gamma rays depends on the purposes of measurements. Gamma ray energy spectrum is an important to determine either elemental analysing of a sample or radiation shielding purposes. On the other hand, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) may be used to predict and analysing of gamma-ray spectrum. In this study, gamma ray spectrum from 22Na source detected in NaI (Tl) detector was estimated by ANN. There have been installed ten different ANN models to find the network structure that produces the best predictive value for the gamma ray spectrum NaI (Tl) Detector. Estimation study has been continued with the ANN model with be possessed of lowest error value. ANN model was created by using energy, distance and gamma-rays energy spectrum (called Io) values. In the ANN model developed using the feed forward back propagation algorithm, were used artificial neurons two in the input layer, ten in the hidden layer and one in the output layer. For the case of present work, the experimental data was used 70% for education, 20% for validation and 10% for testing. The estimated values obtained with the ANN model were compared with the experimental results and a good correlation has been found between them (R2 = 0.99).Öğe The role of La2O3 rare earth (RE) material in the enhancement of the radiation shielding, physical, mechanical and acoustic properties of the tellurite glasses(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022) Boodaghi Malidarre, Roya; Akkurt, Iskender; Ekmekci, Ismail; Zakaly, Hesham M. H.; Mohammed, HaneenUnderstanding the influence of Rare-Earth Elements (REEs) in tellurite-rich glass is vital for developing the technology due to applications of REEs in various technologies like television displays, solid-state lasers, tunable waveguides, tunable fiber grating, etc. With this motivation, the present work analyzes the radiation shielding, physical, structural, mechanical and acoustic properties of the (1-x)TeO2-xLa2O3: x = 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 (mol%) glass samples. For this purpose, using user-friendly MCNPX Monte Carlo code the LaTe1–LaTe5 glass samples are irradiated, and thus the radiation shielding competencies are obtained for wide energy spans ranging from 0 to 15 MeV. The derived Half Value Layer ((Formula presented.)) outcomes are compared with the theoretical studies namely, Phy-X:PSD results for some selected energies. In addition, the mechanical features are obtained by the (Makishima Mackenzie) Mak-Mac Model. Based on the mechanical characteristics, acoustic properties are extracted and reported in this paper. The structure and dimensionality of the preferred samples are derived based on the Bergman and Kantor model for fluid and compositions with the help of the Fractal Bond Connectivity (FBC). Findings show that La2O3 is an effective Rare Earth (RE) material to increase the shielding ability of the LaTe glass samples from LaTe1 to LaTe5. Furthermore, from the obtained results can be concluded that the La2O3 RE material is able to break the glass structure and increase the linkage, and thus, the acoustic properties will be improved.Öğe THERMAL EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION OF THE PANEL TYPE RADIATORS WITH CFD ANALYSIS(Turkish Soc Thermal Sciences Technology, 2012) Aydar, Emir; Ekmekci, IsmailThere are many panel radiator manufacturers in Turkey. Their panel radiator designs are very similar and radiators that have been manufactured by various producers have very similar thermal efficiency values and specific heating per unit weight of the radiator. In this study, CFD analysis of existing panel radiators were made with a commercial CFD code of STAR-CCM+ with variable connection methods in three-dimensional space. Numerical thermal efficiency values were obtained and were compared with given catalogue values. Panel-convector-convector-panel, Type-22-600x500 steel panel radiator was used in this numerical study. In the content of this analysis, the effect of variation at air-side convective heat transfer coefficient on the thermal output was also investigated. After optimum air-side convective heat transfer coefficient had been determined, numerical analyses of the panel radiator were done based on this value. For top-bottom-opposite-end connection, mass flow rate distribution is greater than exact flow at first two and last three vertical ducts. In the middle of the vertical ducts towards inlet boundary, mass flow rate distribution corresponds to about zero. For top-bottom-same-end connection, mass flow rate distribution is greater than exact flow at first four vertical ducts. In the last part of the vertical ducts, mass flow rate distribution corresponds to about zero. Numerical results and commercial catalog values are very close each other for TBOE and TBSE connections, and thus two basic connection methods can be used for this panel radiator.
