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    Transformation of the Somali Civil -War and Reflections for a Social Contract Peacebuilding Process
    (2019) Nyadera, Israel Nyaburi; Ahmed, Mohamed Salah; Agwanda, Billy
    The conflict in Somalia is nearing three decades since the bloody civil war that has eventually transformed into a war on terrorism begun. Three generations continue to experience the devastating impacts of the conflict that broke out in 1991. Despite the numerous peace efforts, there seems to be little success in overcoming the protracted conflict. Existing literature emphasize on the role of clan identity, poor governance and external factors as the main causes of the conflict but fall short of providing sustainable peacebuilding efforts. This article opines that in Somalia the bond between the government and the people has long been and efforts to revive the hopes and trust of the citizens on their government needs to be prioritised. It identifies several gaps in previous peace approaches that isolated public participation and gave room for laxity in implementation of the peace accords as some of the main challenges to peace. The paper argues that more elaborate efforts need to be taken to revive the social contract at two levels. One, among the people themselves and secondly, between the people and the government. The recommendation should be anchored on a new constitutional dispensation that will not only be bottom -up driven but also should address some of the deep-rooted grievances of key actors through a constitutional process.