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Öğe Beyond the Yuan: Rethinking China's Attractiveness to Africa(SAGE PUBLICATIONS INDIA PVT LTD, 2020) Nyadera, Israel Nyaburi; Agwanda, Billy; Kisaka, Michael OtienoThis paper seeks to revisit the narratives surrounding China and Africa relations. While these engagements have attracted the attention of scholars and policymakers, the emphasis has been on the economic aspects and a little attention has been made to examine the role of non-economic drivers. This paper argues that even though economic drivers are significant, Africa and China relations go beyond economic drivers. It identifies non-economic factors like the personality of president Xi Jinping and his personalised relations with African leaders, perceived attitudes of Western countries towards the continent, China's political system, politics of mega projects in Africa, China's soft power strategies and historical experiences as significant factors in strengthening relations between Beijing and the continent. It looks at attractiveness as an important concept in understanding states' actions and relations. The paper concludes that engagements between China and Africa maybe characterised by huge economic factors, but the foundation of these relations is attractiveness anchored on a number of non-economic drivers.Öğe Elusive peace and conflict resolution in South Sudan: A human security alternative approach(Taylor and Francis, 2022) Nyadera, Israel Nyaburi; Agwanda, BillySince conflict emerged in 2013, several peace agreements have been signed between different combatants in South Sudan. The latest of these was signed in 2020 and mixed reactions have emerged whether peace will be achieved or similar to the past agreements, collapse and expose the country to renewed violence. This chapter supports the latter argument that in the absence of a broad, inclusive, and a concise peace agreement that reflects the local realities and needs of South Sudan, the existing framework structured through a state-centric model will not be effective in building resilient peace in the country. The chapter argues for human security as an alternative people-centered approach/framework that can bridge the gaps created by the state-centric model that emphasizes stability created by power-sharing over other key issues like justice, unity, reconciliation, and development. The chapter concludes that by incorporating the seven key pillars in the peacebuilding processes, a more sustainable and responsive peace deal can be key to a new stable and developmental South Sudan.Öğe Multilateralism, Developmental Regionalism, and the African Development Bank(Cogitatio Press, 2022) Nyadera, Israel Nyaburi; Agwanda, Billy; Onder, Murat; Mukhtar, Ibrahim AbdirahmanPromoting development in Africa has faced significant challenges partly because of the continent’s peripheral access to global markets as well as its internal geographical limitations on the movement of people, goods, and services. However, the African Development Bank (AfDB) and its “developmental” role has emerged as a practical and tailored approach to Pan?African development, especially in the midst of a growing crisis in global multilateralism. This article argues that the AfDB can be a significant promoter of African development given its unique characteristics, focus areas, and lending style that are different from other multilateral institutions. Using a case?study approach, and by analysing literature on the AfDB, policy papers, and government reports, this study explores the developmental role of the bank and demonstrates its comparative advantage to other multilateral institutions in Africa.Öğe Not the Time to Take Chances! Why African Governments' Response to COVID 19 Matters(SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, 2021) Nyadera, Israel Nyaburi; Wandwkha, Brian; Agwanda, BillySince independence, African governments have been criticized for either their slow, ineffective, or lack of homegrown solutions when addressing challenges in their respective countries. From economic and development models to dealing with conflicts, governance practices, and planning, overreliance and dependence on external practices which sometimes fail to take into consideration the unique domestic challenges have characterized the response of many African governments. This has, in turn, tainted the image of the continent over their ability to adequately deal with disasters. As the rest of the world is struggling to deal with their share of challenges as a result of the pandemic, it is becoming increasingly important that every country adopts measures that will effectively deal with the spread of the disease. This essay seeks to step back from the seemingly crowded debate over where the next epicentre of COVID 19 will be in Africa and focus on what lessons and measures governments in Africa can adopt during and after the pandemic.Öğe Not the time to take chances! Why African Governments’ response to COVID 19 matters(Springer, 2021) Nyadera, Israel Nyaburi; Wandwkha, Brian; Agwanda, BillySince independence, African governments have been criticized for either their slow, ineffective, or lack of homegrown solutions when addressing challenges in their respective countries. From economic and development models to dealing with conflicts, governance practices, and planning, overreliance and dependence on external practices which sometimes fail to take into consideration the unique domestic challenges have characterized the response of many African governments. This has, in turn, tainted the image of the continent over their ability to adequately deal with disasters. As the rest of the world is struggling to deal with their share of challenges as a result of the pandemic, it is becoming increasingly important that every country adopts measures that will effectively deal with the spread of the disease. This essay seeks to step back from the seemingly crowded debate over where the next epicentre of COVID 19 will be in Africa and focus on what lessons and measures governments in Africa can adopt during and after the pandemic.Öğe The role of igad in peacebuilding and conflict resolution the case of South Sudan(Routledge, 2022) Agwanda, Billy; Asal, Uğur Yasin; Nabi, Ahmad Shoaib Ghulam; Nyadera, Israel NyaburiThis handbook explores the challenges and opportunities for leadership and conflict response in the context of Africa at several levels. Leadership plays a vital role in affecting conflict response but is frequently only examined at the macro level of state, government, and international organizations. This handbook addresses the need to explore challenges and opportunities for leadership at several levels: macro (global, regional, national), meso (NGOs, religious groups, academics), and micro (civil society organizations, youth groups, women’s organizations). Analysis from multiple levels provides a broader explanation of conflict dynamics and helps to fit localized conflict transformation approaches into wider national or regional structures. The multidisciplinary essays presented in this volume encompass the psychological, political, and structural dimensions of conflict response and demonstrate how its success is fundamentally linked to the style of effectiveness of leadership, among other factors. The volume is divided into four thematic sections: Part I: The theory and dynamics of conflict response and leadership Part II: Macro-level leadership experiences in conflict response Part III: Meso-/micro-level leadership experiences in conflict response Part IV: Recommendations for improved leadership in conflict response This book will be of much interest to students of conflict resolution, peace studies, African politics, security studies, and international relations, in general.Öğe The role of regional organisations in economic growth among developing countries: A case of the AfDB(Sage, 2021) Nyadera, Israel Nyaburi; Asal, Uğur Yasin; Agwanda, BillyThis article seeks to examine how regional organisations in Africa are responding to the growing call for them to provide alternative approaches and models of economic development in the continent. The study interrogates the role of the African Development Bank (AfDB) as an agent of a changing global governance system and an emerging leader in Africa’s development journey. The article begins by reflecting on the debate of a decline in global governance; it looks at Africa within the global economy and examines the organisational structure, contributions and changing role of the AfDB since its inception. It concludes that the AfDB finds itself in a unique position of trust among donors and African states at a time when traditional institutions are becoming less popular. It recommends AfDB adopt a number of reforms needed to help it maximise its impact on the continentÖğe Securitization and forced migration in Kenya: A policy transition from integration to encampment(WILEY, 2022) Agwanda, BillyThis article explores forced migration and policy transition in East Africa using the case study of Kenya-a key regional destination for forced migrants. Using a descriptive and historical approach to highlight the dynamics of forced migration (1990-2021), the study emphasizes on what factors underlie the change of policy from integration to encampment. The author argues that central to this transition are discourses on national security, domestic, and regional politics. Using the theory of securitization, the study finds that assumptive blames on forced migrants expose them to greater vulnerabilities, while failure to recognize the challenges facing host states also undermines the management of forced migrants. The author concludes that the principles of global cosmopolitanism should underlie response and that when critical national interests necessitate stricter limitations on the extent to which forced migrants can enjoy certain rights and freedoms, then the international community must strive to play a greater role to minimize risks to both host nations and forced migrants.Öğe State fragility and post-conflict state-building: an analysis of South Sudan conflict (2013-2019)(Jandarma Okullar Komutanlığı, 2020) Asal, Uğur Yasin; Agwanda, BillyThe South Sudan conflict flared up in 2013 hardly two years after successful secession from Sudan. This autonomy was achieved after more than two decades of intense fighting between the tribes from the north and south regions of Sudan. However, the path to creating a new united and modern state has been challenging for South Sudan. This article explores post-conflict reconstruction for Africa’s newest state through an in-depth analysis of the conflict narratives, peace processes, humanitarian crisis and the challenges of state-building for South Sudan. The article argues that the challenge to the establishment of a strong and stable South Sudanese state is because of the fragile social, political and economic status that the country inherited at independence. This article also identifies that ethnicity has been exploited by the different political actors in the conflict to achieve personal and group interests leading to outbreak of one of the most intense conflicts not only within Africa, but also globally.Öğe Sub-Sahara Africa and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Reflecting on challenges and recovery opportunities(Sage, 2021) Agwanda, Billy; Dagba, Dagba; Opoku, Prince; Amankwa, Mark Opoku; Nyadera, Israel NyaburiHow has Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) experienced the COVID-19 pandemic? This article seeks to examine the challenges faced by a region that was earlier expected to be the epicenter of the pandemic. The study identifies three critical stages that pose challenges for governments and development partners operating in SSA trying to avoid mass infections and the subsequent negative socioeconomic impacts of the pandemic. First, the article begins by examining the challenges experienced in restraining the spread of COVID-19 such as the lack of adequate resources and technology to effectively pursue contact tracing, the dilemma of implementing lockdowns, and the impact of fake news. Second, the article looks at the challenges arising from technical and capacity elements of testing, treatment, and the development and access to vaccines. Finally, the study examines the potential obstacles to a smooth post-COVID-19 recovery. The author argues that although some positive actions have been taken by governments in SSA during the pandemic, the challenges that are emerging as a result of the direct and indirect impacts of the disease cannot be overlooked. The authors therefore offer several recommendations that can guide policy responses against pandemics in the short and long-run.Öğe Transformation of the Somali Civil -War and Reflections for a Social Contract Peacebuilding Process(2019) Nyadera, Israel Nyaburi; Ahmed, Mohamed Salah; Agwanda, BillyThe conflict in Somalia is nearing three decades since the bloody civil war that has eventually transformed into a war on terrorism begun. Three generations continue to experience the devastating impacts of the conflict that broke out in 1991. Despite the numerous peace efforts, there seems to be little success in overcoming the protracted conflict. Existing literature emphasize on the role of clan identity, poor governance and external factors as the main causes of the conflict but fall short of providing sustainable peacebuilding efforts. This article opines that in Somalia the bond between the government and the people has long been and efforts to revive the hopes and trust of the citizens on their government needs to be prioritised. It identifies several gaps in previous peace approaches that isolated public participation and gave room for laxity in implementation of the peace accords as some of the main challenges to peace. The paper argues that more elaborate efforts need to be taken to revive the social contract at two levels. One, among the people themselves and secondly, between the people and the government. The recommendation should be anchored on a new constitutional dispensation that will not only be bottom -up driven but also should address some of the deep-rooted grievances of key actors through a constitutional process.Öğe Turkey’s contribution to international policing(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Yılmaz Genç, Ayfer; Agwanda, BillyThe UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations has undergone significant changes in its organisation since 1948. A new global environment established by the end of Cold War, elevated the Police Division to a more pronounced role in international peace as an essential pillar of UN peacekeeping missions. Nonetheless, despite the increased role of police in international missions, research on police contributions to peacekeeping remains limited. This article addresses this gap in literature by highlighting the case of Turkey’s contribution to UN international police peacekeeping missions. The article confirms empirically that the Turkish police contribution has increased since the 2000s by relying on quantitative data offered by the TUBAKOV dataset designed to collect data on international peacekeeping missions of Turkey. The paper contends that, besides global trends, the increased participation of Turkey in UN-led missions reflects its internal political dynamics. First, under the JDP rule, Turkey’s Cold War era subtle foreign policy was transformed to a proactive policy in global politics. Second, since the 2000s, the transformation of civil–military relations has ended the system of military tutelage, and this has had a considerable impact on foreign policy. Civilian authority, by abolishing military dominance, has become the primary actor in foreign policy decision-making.Öğe Youth Unemployment and Government Pro-Employment Policies in Zimbabwe(2020) Maulanı, Noah; Agwanda, BillyYouth unemployment remains a global threat pushing youths to participate in various unlawful and dangerous activities. In Zimbabwe, a weak economy and domestic sociopolitical challenges have pushed youth unemployment rates to one of the highest in the continent and globally. Despite accounting for the largest population, Zimbabwean youths continue to be marginalized from the national development discourse, and this has had a general negative impact on the Zimbabwean national development agenda. The National Youth Policy, enacted in 2000 by the government to address youth unemployment through a multi-sectoral framework, has resulted in minimal progress. This paper adopts an in-depth qualitative literature review of academic articles, government reports, World Bank and IMF reports to conduct an analysis of the root causes of high youth unemployment rates in Zimbabwe, its effects and the performance of the measures undertaken by the government to address the problem. This study has identified frequent economic crises, weak education system, and poor implementation of macroeconomic policies by the government as some of the challenges increasing the rates of youth unemployment
